The modern
state of Iraq lies in the so-called “cradle of civilization”, the valley of the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Like most of
the Middle eastern countries, modern Iraq was carved out of the old Ottoman
Empire at its collapse in 1918.
It is on the
border of Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia. Kuwait and Iran.
Iraq has two
outlets to the Arabian Gulf, the river port and large city of Basra and Umm
Qasr near the Kuwait Border.
The country
climate is harsh. Summer temperatures reaching 40C and cold hard winters, with
rain in northern areas and snow in the mountains of the North-east. A dry
north-west wind, the shamal, brings frequent summer sandstorms.
AGRICULTURE
Between the
arid desert of the west and the mountains of the north-west, Iraq has much
fertile agricultural land. Barrages and dams on the Euphrates and Tigris
rivers, north of the cities of Hit and Samara create a well-watered upper plain.
The main crops are wheat, barley and maize. The lower plain, south of Hit and
Samara to the Gulf, is a marshy land where rice is grown. Along the River Shatt
al-Arab dates are grown. Iraq produces 80 per cent of the world supply.
In the
foothills of the mountains in the north-east tobacco, fruit, tomatoes and
grapes are grown. Sheep and cattle are reared to export wool and meat.
Iraq is rich
on natural gas and oil and has 15 per cent of the world’s reserves of oil. Due
to its natural resources and major agriculture Iraq could be a great country in
the Middle East, if not the greatest.
PEOPLE AND
HISTORY
The land
between the Tigris and Euphrates was formerly known as Mesopotamia. It there
that the first civilization, the Sumerian, developed around 4000 BC.
The
Sumerians were followed by the Babylonians, the Assyrians and the Persian Sassanians.
Muslim Arabs
first arrived in 637 AD. The country came back to its former glory under the
Muslim Abbasid dynasty, who claimed descent from Mohammed’s uncle and created a
new capital Baghdad.
The last
Abbasid Caliph was murdered by the Turks in 1258. From that date until the end
of the World War I the area was part of the Ottoman Empire.
After 1921
Iraq was a kingdom under British protection, gaining full independence in 1932.
1958 the
king was overthrown and a republic was set up. Coup after coup until a real
stability came into power under army Commander, Saddam Hussein. During the stable
climate of 1970 the country started to progress rapidly as a major oil producer.
Iraq’s
problems are that the Muslim’s population is divided into Shiites and Sunnis
but the ruling party are Sunnis who fear the Shiite Muslims especially from
neighbouring countries such as Iran.
Another
problem is the mountainous region in the north-east of the country is home of
four million Kurds. Kurds are an ancient people whose native land was included
into the Ottoman Empire. When the empire
broke up they were promised an independent homeland but it never happened. Nowadays
the Kurds are a large minority in Iraq, Iran and Turkey. The problem in Iraq is
the Kurdish area is very rich in oil; of course, Iraq does not want to lose it.
During the
1970s some measure of self-government had been introduced but it was not an
independence.
1979 the
Shah of Iran was overthrown by Shiite extremists under Ayatollah Khomeini and Saddam
feared that Iraqi Shiites would rise against him at the same time. Saddam
decided to dispute the agreed Iran-Iraq boundary along the River Shatt al-Arab,
and his army invaded Iran in 1980.
The war late
eight years with huge casualties on both sides.
At the end
of the war Iraqi government sent the army to Kurdistan, where guerrilla had
seized control of Iraqi areas. Thousands of Kurds died and thousands fled to
Turkey and Iran.
With the economy
in ruins Saddam looked for another source of income and saw Kuwait. He accused
Kuwait of overproducing oil, flooding the market and lowering the prices. He
also accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq’s oil.
August 1990
Saddam invaded Kuwait. Iraq ignored warning to get out of Kuwait and in 1991 a
large Allied force started an intensive bombing campaign.
Iraq was
defeated and the UN forced Iraq to destroy all its weapons, conventional,
nuclear or chemical. It also had to pay huge compensation to Kuwait. Iraq also
received economic sanctions which added to the problems.
Saddam
turned again on the Kurds rebels in the north and two million more Kurds fled.
He also launched a campaign against the Shiite March Arabs. The Allies enforced
“safe havens” for Kurds and Shiites but the Iraqi government still carried on
its campaigns.
At this
point it has to be said that the USA and UK had no right to invade Iraq
starting a 10 year long war, and illegal, killing one million Iraqis and over
480 British soldiers, numerous maimed some for live.
Today Iraq
is ruined economically and is still an international outcast, because of its
failure to fulfil the terms of the UN resolution. It also has to be said
whether the UN resolution was right which it is not always is the case.
Roughly 50
per cent of the population is unemployed, the people are facing famine caused
by the sanctions. There again it only hurts ordinary people and they suffered
enough but if USA and/or UN does not like something their answer is sanction
like with Crimea.
In the early
1993 the country was suffering from inflation of over 1000 per cent and is
effectively closed to visitors.
In my
opinion it is hard to understand that after a failed accusation of Saddam’s Weapon-of-Mass-Destruction,
removal of Saddam Hussein, an illegal invasion of Iraq by the Allies which cost
unnecessary lives and sufferings that the Allies still have the right to
sanction adding more suffering to Iraq’s people. Should not the UN step in and
stop it instead since they supposed to be the peace keeping force and neutral?